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The Rise of Gaming-Based Virtual Field Trips
Tuesday, January 31, 2023
Geologists are harnessing a game engine to build environments for teaching and learning. ESS Ph.D. candidate Max Needle's work leads the way. Read More -
Landslides in California bring death toll up to 20 | KIRO Radio
Friday, January 20, 2023
Water and mud have inundated scores of homes in California after a string of storms and more than 500 landslides since the new year. David Montgomery, professor of Earth and space sciences at the UW, is interviewed. Read More -
California faces dangerous mudslides after monster storms | CBS News
Friday, January 20, 2023
The deluge has stopped after California's ninth atmospheric river storm in recent weeks, but the danger remains. David Montgomery, professor of Earth and space sciences at the UW, is quoted. Read More -
The importance of the atmosphere and ocean in determing the fate of Antarctica
Wednesday, January 18, 2023
UW news features a new study involving Earth and Space Sciences professor and chair Eric Steig, and a group from the University of Edinburgh and University of Cambridge. They combined satellite imagery and climate and ocean records to show how the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has responded to climate variations over the last few decades. Read More -
Lightning in the 'cataclysmic' Tonga volcano eruption shattered 'all records' | CNN
Monday, January 9, 2023
When the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano erupted in January 2022, it sent shockwaves around the world. Not only did it trigger widespread tsunami waves, but it also belched an enormous amount of climate-warming water vapor into the Earth's stratosphere. Now researchers in a new report have unveiled something else: the eruption set off more than 25,500 lightning events in just five minutes. Robert Holzworth, professor of Earth and space sciences at the UW, is quoted. Read More -
California's Cascadia earthquakes a stark reminder of future devastation | Newsweek
Wednesday, January 4, 2023
Earthquakes that have recently rumbled Northern California are stark reminders of stronger ones to come. A 5.4 magnitude earthquake shook parts of Rio Dell in Humboldt County at 10.30 a.m on New Year's Day, the U.S. Geological Survey said. Half of the residents living in the area did not have power, and some were left without water. Harold Tobin, director of the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network and professor of Earth and space sciences at the UW, is quoted. Read More -
California just dodged a devastating tsunami | Newsweek
Friday, December 23, 2022
California may have just dodged a devastating tsunami after a magnitude 6.4 earthquake shook Humboldt County early on Monday morning. At least two people died and a dozen more injured in the 11-mile-long earthquake, which hit off the far north coast of California. Power outages swept across the region and many houses were damaged. Harold Tobin, director of the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network and professor of Earth and space sciences at the UW, is quoted. Read More -
Melting sounds of an entire glacier recorded for the first time | New Scientist
Wednesday, December 14, 2022
A 9-kilometer fiber-optic cable that captured the sounds of melting ice across an entire glacier in Switzerland could improve how researchers measure ice loss. Brad Lipovsky, assistant professor of Earth and space sciences, is quoted. Read More -
Signals from the ionosphere could improve tsunami forecasts
Monday, December 12, 2022
Research from the University of Washington shows that signals from the upper atmosphere could improve tsunami forecasting and, someday, help track ash plumes and other impacts after a volcanic eruption.
A new study analyzed the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption in the South Pacific earlier this year. The Jan. 15, 2022, volcanic eruption was the largest to be recorded by modern equipment. Ash blanketed the region. A tsunami wave caused damage and killed at least three people on the island of Tonga. It also had unexpected distant effects.
No volcanic eruption in more than a century has produced a global-scale tsunami. The tsunami wave from the underwater eruption was first predicted as only a regional hazard. Instead, the wave reached as far as Peru, where two people drowned.
Results of the new study, published this fall in Geophysical Research Letters, uses evidence from the ionosphere to help explain why the tsunami wave grew larger and traveled faster than models predicted.
Satellite images show the cloud generated by the underwater eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on Jan. 15, 2022.NASA
"This was the most powerful volcanic eruption since the 1883 eruption of Krakatau, and a lot of aspects of it were unexpected," said lead author Jessica Ghent, a UW doctoral student in Earth and space sciences. "We used a new monitoring technique to understand what happened here and learn how we could monitor future natural hazards."
She will present the work in a poster Wednesday, Dec. 14, at the American Geophysical Union annual meeting in Chicago and she will present the work at the meeting that afternoon.
Tsunamis are rare enough occurrences that forecast models, relying on a limited number of tide gauges and ocean sensors, are still being perfected. This study is part of an emerging area of research exploring the use of GPS signals traveling through the atmosphere to track events on the ground.
A big earthquake, or in this case a huge volcanic eruption, generates pressure waves in the atmosphere. As these pressure waves pass through the zone from about 50 to 400 miles altitude where electrons and ions float freely, known as the ionosphere, the particles are disturbed. GPS satellites beaming coordinates back down to Earth transmit a slightly altered radio signal that tracks the disturbance.
"Other groups have been looking at the ionosphere to monitor tsunamis. We are interested in applying it for volcanology," said co-author Brendan Crowell, a UW research scientist in Earth and space sciences. "This Tonga eruption kicked our research into overdrive. There was a big volcanic eruption and a tsunami -- normally you'd study one or the other."
For the new study, the researchers analyzed 818 ground stations in the Global Navigation Satellite System, the global network that include GPS and other satellites, around the South Pacific to measure the atmospheric disturbance in the hours following the eruption. Results support the hypothesis that the sonic boom generated by the volcanic explosion made the tsunami wave bigger and faster. The ocean wave got an extra push from the atmospheric pressure wave created by the eruption. This extra push wasn't included in the initial tsunami forecasts, researchers said, because volcano-triggered tsunamis are so rare.
"Tsunamis typically can travel in the open ocean at 220 meters per second, or 500 miles per hour. Based on our data, this tsunami wave was moving at 310 meters per second, or 700 miles per hour," Ghent said.
The authors were able to separate out different aspects of the eruption - the acoustic sound wave, the ocean wave and other types of pressure waves - and check their accuracy against ground-based observation stations.
"The separation of these signals, from the acoustic sound wave to the tsunami, was what we had set out to find," Ghent said. "From a hazards-monitoring perspective, it validates our hope for what we can use the ionosphere for. This unusual event gives us confidence that we might someday use the ionosphere to monitor hazards in real time."
While the Tonga eruption didn't eject much ash for the size of the event, Ghent and Crowell say the Global Navigation Satellite System signals could be used in other ways to accurately track volcanic ash plumes.
Looking upward to monitor volcanoes and tsunamis is appealing because ground-based monitoring has challenges in the Pacific Northwest and other areas. Sensors must be maintained and repaired, snow and ice can block signals or cause damage, accessing the monitoring stations may be difficult.
What's more, "the wild mountain goats can eat the cables of the ground instruments because the goats like salt," Ghent said.
"If you have a way to monitor an area without actually being there, you're really opening the door to being able to monitor it all year long and help keep people safe around the world."
This research was funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation.
For more information, contact Ghent at jghent@uw.edu and Crowell at crowellb@uw.edu.
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UW brings field geology to students with ‘Virtual Field Geology’
Friday, December 9, 2022
Graduate Student Max Needle and his advisor, Juliet Crider, are featured in UW news for their, creaton of computer-based field experiences. Read More